Genographic Project

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Genographic Project
Industry anthropology study
Founded April 2005
Founder(s) National Geographic Society and IBM
Headquarters , USA
Products Genetic test
Services Genetic testing, Online genome service
Website nationalgeographic.com/genographic


The Genographic Project, launched on April 13, 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM, is a multi-year genetic anthropology study that aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples of people from around the world. The Genographic Project relies on the identification of genetic markers and is undertaking widespread consultation with indigenous groups from around the world. Genographic Project public participation kits are processed by Family Tree DNA (FTDNA).

The project is a privately-funded, not-for-profit collaboration between the National Geographic Society, IBM and the Waitt Family Foundation. Part of the proceeds from the sale of self-testing kits support the Genographic Project's ongoing DNA collection, but the majority are ploughed into a Legacy Fund to be spent on cultural preservation projects nominated by indigenous communities.

Field researchers at 11 regional centers around the world collect DNA samples from indigenous populations. Different populations have different genetic markers, and by following them through the generations scientists are able to identify the different branches of the human diversity. Indigenous populations provide geographical and cultural context to the genetic markers in their DNA. These clues help recreate past human migration patterns.

Contents

Geno 2.0: fall 2012

Geno 2.0 kit
GenoChip 2.0 is specifically designed for anthropological testing and includes SNPs SNPs from autosomal DNA, X-chromosome DNA, Y-chromosome DNA and mitochondrial DNA. The design of the new chip was a collaborative effort between Eran Elhaik of Johns Hopkins, Spencer Wells of National Geographic, Family Tree DNA and Illumina. The testing is done at the FTDNA Genomics Center in Houston, Texas.

The Geno 2.0 test is offered for $199.95 and requires a simple cheek swab. All resulting data is downloadable. Orders can be placed through the National Geographic website.

  • Focus is deep ancestry.
  • Kits are clustered to their closest genetic matches (terminal circles of one thousand years ago)
  • Raw data is available for download
  • Transfer of results from National Geographic to FTDNA (deep SNP results)
  • GenoChip is a Illumina HD iSelect genotyping bead array: concordance with the 1000 Genomes data of over 99.5%. The GenoChip has a SNP density of approximately (1/100,000) bases over 92% of the human genome and is highly compatible with Illumina and Affymetrix commercial platforms.

autosomal DNA - X-DNA

  • Over 130,000 autosomal and X-chromosomal Ancestry Informative Markers, derived from over 450 populations around the globe (Reference population data will eventually be downloadable)
  • Biogeographical estimate (ethnicity)
  • Ancient population estimate with over 25,000 SNPs from candidate regions of interbreeding between extinct hominins (Neanderthal and Denisovan) and modern humans
  • Does not predict relatives and family relationships (revealed by 23andMe, Family Finder etc.)
  • Claims to avoid medical information (only selected SNPs)

Y-DNA

Geno 2.0 Your Map: mtDNA haplogroup and heat map (showing modern-day locations and frequencies of the haplogroup)
  • 12,316 Y-SNPs[1]: reported are over 6,153 SNPs already in a New Tree and ~10,000 novel Y-SNPs, information will be available at GP and FTDNA (via Thomas Krahn's ytree and database). In Nov. 2012 6,535 Y-SNPs names are known by ISOGG and 2,083 out of them are included in Geno 2.0. Out of the 2,083 most are used in ISOGG haplogroups and the rest researched in them.[2]
  • SNP sources:
    CTS 3,286 from Chris Tyler-Smith (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute) primarily from 1K Genomes data;
    F 2,990 from Li Jin (Fudan University) discovered by deep sequencing in East Asian populations from a variety of haplogroups;
    PF 4,023 from Paolo Francalacci and Sergio Tofanelli by deep sequencing in Sardinian populations from a variety of haplogroups.
    The rest are drawn from the ISOGG tree (Z), FTDNA (L), Underhill (M), Hammer (P) and other available sources.
    Most Y-DNA information should be available to males with paternal ancestry from Sardinia, Tuscany, England, Scotland, Finnland, Iberia, North and Western Europe (CEU), East Asia, China/Han, China/Dai, Japan/Tokyo, Vietnam/Kinh, Nigeria/Yoruba, Kenya/Luhya, Gambia, Sierra Leone/Mende, Nigeria/Esan, African American, African Caribbean, Mexican Californian, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Peru/Lima, India/Gujarati, Pakistan/Punjabi, Bangladesh/Bengali, Sri Lanka/Tamil, India/Telegu, WTY clusters.
  • Initially reported Cutoff on Y-SNPs was roughly Nov. 2011 (ca. L850, Z285);
    At the release in Dec. 2012 Y-SNPs are included up to: DF84, L809, M526, P330, PAGES00131, U290, V250, YSC0000301, Z1892;
    newer SNPs (DF, L, Z, etc.) will be included in a future update;
    not all "known" Y-SNPs will be available (can not be typed on the chip).
  • Deep-clade (likely terminal) Y-DNA haplogroup assignment, ~431 Y-Haplogroups included, does replace the current FTDNA Deep Clade tests
  • No replacement of Y-DNA Marker tests (does not include Y-STRs) for near paternal relationships and clustering (surname projects)

mtDNA

  • 3,352 mtDNA SNPs
  • Deep-clade mtDNA haplogroup assignment
  • Does not replace the full mitochondrial sequence (FMS) test which sequences the entire mitochondrial genome (16,569 SNPs) and will allow you to refine your subclade assignment as new subclades are discovered and published on www.phylotree.org

Comparison with Family Finder, 23andMe, etc.

For comparison and better evaluation to other similar SNP-chip products see Autosomal DNA testing comparison chart. Detailed analysis of the autosomal and X chromosome SNPs in Geno 2.0 and comparison with the SNPs used in FTDNA's Family Finder and 23andMe's v2 and v3 tests by Tim Janzen: post on the Genealogy DNA mailing list dated 30 January 2013.

News articles

Geno 2.0 reviews

What to do with your Geno 2.0 results

Transfer your results to Family Tree DNA

Geno 2.0 participants can transfer their Y-SNP and mtDNA SNP results to Family Tree DNA where they can participate in Surname DNA projects, mtDNA haplogroup projects, Y-DNA haplogroup projects and geographical DNA projects. To transfer results you can use this direct link on the FTDNA website. Alternatively see the instructions on how to transfer Genographic results in the FTDNA FAQs. See also the blog post by Roberta Estes on Transferring Results from National Geographic to Family Tree DNA.

Raw data - additional Admixture analysis

By downloading Geno 2.0 raw data you can use the data with Admixture analyses and Autosomal DNA tools. The Y-chromosome SNPs can be used for Y-DNA haplogroup research (see below).

Contribute and partecipate in Y-DNA haplogroup research

Citizen scientists are collecting the raw Y-SNP data from Geno 2.0 tests in an attempt to establish the position of the many new Y-SNPs on the Y-SNP tree. Results are being collected for most of the major haplogroups and subclades. A list of all the known projects is provided below. In addition Itaï Juste is maintaining a spreadsheet of Geno 2.0 results from all the haplogroups. Further information can be found in the Geno 2.0 Y-DNA SNP Comparison Facebook group.

Haplogroup A

  • Bonnie Schrack is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup A. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup B

  • Aaron Brown is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup B. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroups C and D

  • Ray Banks is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroups C and D. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup E

  • Aaron Brown is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup E. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup G

  • Ray Banks, the administrator of the haplogroup G project, is collecting haplogroup G Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results. Submissions should be sent to .
  • Itai Perez is also interested in raw data files for haplogroup G. He can be contacted at .

Haplogroups I1 and I2

  • Terry Robb is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroups I1 and I2. Submissions should be sent to

Haplogroup J1

  • Victar Mas, Co-Admin of J-Project, is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-data for haplogroup J1. Submissions should be sent to .
  • Tim Janzen, Admin of J-Project, is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-data for haplogroup J1. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup J2

  • Tim Janzen, Admin of J-Project, is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-data for haplogroup J2-M172. Submissions should be sent to .
  • Angela Cone, Admin of J2-M172 Project, has been collecting Y-data for all clades of J2-M172 except J2a-L24. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup J2a

  • Chris Rottensteiner, Co-Admin of J-Project, is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-data for all clades of J2a-M410 except J2a-L24. Submissions should be sent to . Results of the research is published at figshare, constant updates on MolGen-Forum. Interested researchers can ask for Google Drive access to research files.
  • Al Aburto, Admin of J-L24 Project, is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-data for J2a-L24. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup K

  • Gareth Henson is collating Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup K. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup L

  • Gareth Henson is collating Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup L. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup M

  • Gareth Henson is collating Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup M. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup N

  • Vladimir Volkov is collecting Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup N. Submissions should be sent to

Haplogroup O

  • Gareth Henson is collating Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup O. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup Q

  • David Dowell is collating Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup Q. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup R1a-M417

  • Michał Milewski is collecting Geno 2.0 data for haplogroup R1a-M417. Submissions should be sent to . Some of the data can be seen in a Google Docs spreadsheet. The new draft R1a1a tree incorporating findinds from the Geno 2.0 test can be found here. It is also available on the project's results page. For further information on R1a-M417 see the R1a1a and Subclades Project.

Haplogroup R1b-L21

Haplogroup R1b-U106

  • David Carlisle is collating Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for R1b-U106/S21. The raw Y-SNP data file should be sent to him at .

Haplogroup R1b-S28

  • Steve Gilbert is collating Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for R1b-S28. Submissions should be sent to .

R1b-DF49/DF23/M222

  • Paul Conroy is collecting Geno 2.0 results for DF49, DF23 and M222. Submissions should be sent Ato .

Haplogroup S

  • Gareth Henson is collating Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup S. Submissions should be sent to .

Haplogroup T

  • Gareth Henson is collating Geno 2.0 Y-SNP results for haplogroup T. Submissions should be sent to .


Genographic Project 2005-2012

Genographic Project first kit

In the first phase of the project self-testing kits were sold for US$99. The kits were available worldwide. A mouth scraping (buccal swab) was obtained and analyzed, and the DNA information placed on an internet-accessible database. The genetic markers on mitochondrial DNA (Hypervariable region 1) and Y-chromosomes (12 microsatellite markers and haplogroup-defining single-nucleotide polymorphisms) are used to trace the participant's distant ancestry, and each customer is provided with their genetic history. Public participation kits were processed by Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) using the Arizona Research Labs at the University of Arizona. As of July 2012 about 520,000 people have participated. The kits where able to join in FTDNA public projects.

News articles

Videos

Official sites

Supporting participants

References

  1. ↑ According to the Y-SNP list from file 2012-12-12
  2. ↑ According to SNP List maintainer David Reynolds (Compendium XLS 2012-12-04)

Licence

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation Licence. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Genographic Project".

Retrieved from "http://www.isogg.org/w/index.php?title=Genographic_Project&oldid=9932"
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