Y-DNA Haplogroup I and its Subclades - 2012
The entire work is identified by the Version Number and date given on the
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Version History Last
revision date for this specific page: 1 January 2012
Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes and ISOGG
does its best to keep the tree updated with the latest developments
in the field. The viewer may observe other versions of the tree on the Web. Email
Alice Fairhurst if the differences need
clarification or if you find any broken links on this page.
I L41, M170, M258, P19_1, P19_2, P19_3, P19_4, P19_5, P38, P212, U179
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I* - (unobserved)
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I1 L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65,
L157.1, L186, L187, M253,
M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, S63, S66, S107, S108, S110, S111
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I1* -
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I1a M21
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I1b M227
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I1b* -
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I1b1 M72
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I1c M507/P259
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I1d L22/S142
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I1d* -
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I1d1 P109
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I1d2 L205
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I1d3 L287
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I1d3* -
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I1d3a L258
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I1d4 L300
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I1e L211
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I1f Z58
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I1f* -
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I1f1 L338
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I1f2 Z139
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I1g Z63
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I2 L68, M438/P215/S31
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I2* -
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I2a L460
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I2a* -
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I2a1 P37.2
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I2a1* -
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I2a1a L158, L159.1/S169.1, M26
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I2a1a* -
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I2a1a1 L160
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I2a1a1* -
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I2a1a1a M161
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I2a1b L178, M423
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I2a1b* -
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I2a1b1 M359.2/P41.2
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I2a1b2 L161.1
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I2a1c L233
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I2a2 L35/S150,
L37/S153, L181, M436/P214/S33, P216/S30,
P217/S23, P218/S32
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I2a2* -
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I2a2a L34/S151,
L36/S152, L59, L368, L622,
M223, P219/S24, P220/S119, P221/S120,
P222/U250/S118, P223/S117
• •
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I2a2a* -
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I2a2a1 M284
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I2a2a1* -
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I2a2a1a L126/S165, L137/S166
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I2a2a1a* -
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I2a2a1a1 L369
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I2a2a2 M379
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I2a2a3 P78
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I2a2a4 P95
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I2a2b L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156,
L65.1/S159.1, L272.3
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I2b L415, L416, L417
• •
I2c L596, L597
Private SNPs - After having been investigated, these SNPs have not met the population distribution
criteria for placement on the tree. Either too few confirmed positive testers have been found OR multiple
confirmed testers were confined to either a single surname or to a small group of related males.
- S79: One confirmed results downstream from P30; considered a private snp, was previously
listed as I1e. Listed 26 Sep 2008.
SNPs under Investigation - Additional testing is needed to confirm adequate positive samples
and/or correct placement on the tree.
- L234; One confirmed result at appoximately I-M253. Listed 8 Feb 2011.
- L296: One confirmed result downstream from I1d3a-L258. Listed 8 Feb 2011.
- L533; One confirmed result at approximately I2a2b-L38. Listed 10 July 2011.
- L242; One confirmed result downstream of I-M253, found in an I1-L75 participant.
Listed 21 Sep 2011.
- L410; One confirmed result at approximately I-M253. Listed 21 Sep 2011.
- L573; One confirmed result at approximately I-M253. Listed 21 Sep 2011.
- L592; One confirmed result at approximately I-M253. Listed 21 Sep 2011.
- L623; One confirmed result at approximately I2a2a-M223. The possibly
equivalent SNPs L387.2, L699, L700, L701, L702, L703, L704, L705.1, and L706
are not yet substantiated as a subclade. Listed 21 Sep 2011.
- DF29; According to the 1000 Genomes Project, DF29 is downstream of I1, upstream of L22, Z58, Z63;
parallel to Z131. However, the extent of testing against I1 SNPs and other downstream SNPs of I1 is unknown. Listed 21 Dec 2011.
- Z131; According to the 1000 Genomes Project, Z131 is downstream of I1 and is parallel to DF29.
However, the extent of testing against I1 SNPs and other downstream SNPs of I1 is unknown. Listed 21 Dec 2011.
Notes
- Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in
the order of discovery, and separated by "/". Examples: M307.1/P203.1, M450/S109, M438/P215, P41.2/M359.2, M436/P214/S33,
P222/U250, L126/S165, L137/S166, L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156, and L65/S159.
- Thanks to Natalie Myres, and Jim Wilson for their consultation on Haplogroup I.
- L69/S163 appears in multiple locations. In Haplogroup I it appears as L69.2(=T)/S163.2 and may be downstream of I-M423
and upstream of I-M359.
- Page76: published accounts place this downstream from M170, which appears to be incorrect. A haplogroup J man has tested
Page76- as expected, but three I1 males were Page76- as well. No known I male has been tested for Page76. Therefore Page76 is possibly
in I2, but definitely not at the I node.
- Page123: The precise location of Page123 is uncertain. It is derived in four men with Haplogroup I1 SNPS and ancestral
for one man in Haplogroup J. It has not been tested in Haplogroup I2.
Y-DNA haplogroup I is a European haplogroup, representing nearly one-fifth of the
population. It is almost non-existent outside of Europe, suggesting that it arose in Europe.
Estimates of the age of haplogroup I suggest that it arose prior to the last Glacial Maximum.
The two main subgroups of haplogroup I likely divided approximately 28,000 years ago:
- I1-M253 et al has highest frequency in Scandinavia, Iceland, and northwest Europe.
In Britain, haplogroup I1-M253 et al is often used as a marker for "invaders," Viking
or Anglo-Saxon. The I1b-M227 subclade is concentrated in eastern Europe and the Balkans
and appears to have arisen in the last one thousand to five thousand years. It has been
reported in Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Estonia, Ukraine, Switzerland, Slovenia,
Bosnia, Macedonia, Croatia, and Lebanon.
- I2-M438 et al includes I2* which shows some membership from Armenia, Georgia and Turkey;
I2a1-P37.2, which is the most common form in the Balkans and Sardinia. I2a1a-M26 is especially prevalent
in Sardinia. I2a2-M436 et al reaches its highest frequency along the northwest coast of continental
Europe. I2a2a-M223 et al occurs in Britain and northwest continental Europe. I2a2a1-M284 occurs almost
exclusively in Britain, so it apparently originated there and has probably been present for
thousands of years.
References:
Athey et al,
Resolving the Placement of Haplogroup I-M223 in the Y-chromosome Phylogenetic Tree. (pdf)
Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 1:54-55, 2005.
Battaglia et al,
Y-chromosomal Evidence
of the Cultural Diffusion of Agriculture in Southeast Europe European Journal of Human Genetics, 249. 2008.
Cinnioglu et al,
Excavating Y-chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia. (pdf) Human Genetics. 114:127-148, 2004.
El Sibai et al,
Geographical
Structure of the Y-Chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A Coastal Inland
Contrast, Annals of Human Genetics, 73:568-81, 2009. (abstract)
Ghiani, et al,
Population data for
Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by AmpFlSTR YFiler PCR amplification kit in
North Sardinia (Italy), Collegium Antropologicum, 33 (2): 643-51, 2009.
Karafet et al,
New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup
Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008.
Supplementary Material.
Rootsi et al,
Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene
Flow In Europe. American Journal of Human Genetics, 75:128-137, 2004.
Rozen et al,
Remarkably Little Variation in Proteins Encoded by the Y Chromosome's Single-Copy Genes, Implying
Effective Purifying Selection. American Journal of Human Genetics, 85:923-928, 2009.
Scheinfeldt et al,
Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia. (Link and comments from
Dienekes' Anthropological Blog) Society for Molecular Biology, 2006.
Sims et al,
Sub-Populations Within the Major European and African Derived Haplogroups R1b3 and
E3a Are Differentiated by Previously Phylogenetically Undefined Y-SNPs.
Human Mutation: Mutation in Brief #940, Online, 2007.
Underhill et al,
New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory
in Rethinking the Human Evolution, Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringer C, Eds.
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, pp. 33-42, 2007b. (not available online)
Underhill et al,
The Phylogeography of Y Chromosome Binary Haplotypes and the Origins of Modern Human
Populations. (pdf) Annals of Human Genetics, 65:43-62, 2001.
Underhill et al,
Y Chromosome Sequence Variation and the History of Human Populations. (pdf) Nature Genetics, 26:
358-361, 2000.
Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC),
A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups. Genome
Research, 12:339-348, 2002.
Additional Resources:
ISOGG Wiki - What you need to know about Genetic Genealogy.
Haplogroup I Y-DNA Project, Bob Waterous.
Founder Haplotypes (Modal Haplotypes for Y-Haplogroup I
Varieties), Ken Nordtvedt.
Y-DNA Haplogroup I Subclade I1,
Phil Goff, Steve Transgrud, Yme Drost, Ken Nordtvedt.
Iberian I1 Project, Aaron Salles Torres.
Deep Ancestry of I1a DYS19=16
Cluster, Phil Goff.
I1b* Project Database, Timothy Weakley.
I1d - L22 Project, Yme Drost.
The I1d1 (I-P109) yDNA Haplogroup Project, Rebekah Canada.
I1d2 (L205+) Project, Yme Drost.
I2* Haplogroup Project, Bob May,
Peter Hrechdakian.
Y-Haplogroup I2a Project, Bernie Cullen, Bill Morrow.
I2b1/M223 Y-Clan Study, Aaron Salles Torres.
I2b2 L38+ Project, Timothy Weakley.
Contact People for Haplogroup I:
Phil Goff and Charles Moore
Corrections/Additions made since 1 January 2012:
