Y-DNA Haplogroup G and its Subclades - 2008
The entire work is identified by the Version Number and date given on the Main Page.   Directions for citing the document are given at the bottom of the Main Page.
Version History     Last revision date for this specific page: 24 December 2008

Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes and ISOGG does its best to keep the tree updated with the latest developments in the field. The viewer may observe other versions of the tree on the Web. Email Alice Fairhurst if the differences need clarification.

LINKS:  Main Page   Y-DNA Tree Trunk   SNP Index   Papers Cited   Glossary   Listing Criteria
CLADE/SUBCLADE SYMBOLS:  Added  Redefined 
SNP SYMBOLS:  Not on 2007 tree  Confirmed within subclade  Provisional  Private

G   M201, P257, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23, U33
�       G*   -
�       G1   M285, M342
�      �       G1*   -
�      �       G1a   P20
�      �       G1b   P76
�       G2   P287
�      �       G2*   -
�      �       G2a   P15, U5   (formerly G2)
�      �       �       G2a*   -
�      �       �       G2a1   P16   (formerly G2a)
�      �       �      �       G2a1*   -
�      �       �      �       G2a1a   P18   (formerly G2a1)
�      �       �       G2a2   M286   (formerly G2b)
�      �       �       G2a3   U8, S126/L30   (formerly G2c)
�      �       �      �       G2a3*   -
�      �       �      �       G2a3a   M406   (formerly G2a3b)
�      �       �      �      �       G2a3a*   -
�      �       �      �      �       G2a3a1   U16, L14/S130, S133   (formerly G2c1, G2a3b2, then G2a3b1)
�      �       �      �       G2a3b   P303   (formerly G2a3c)
�      �       �      �      �       G2a3b*   -
�      �       �      �       �       G2a3b1   U1, S135   (formerly G2c2, then G2a3a)
�      �       �      �       �      �       G2a3b1*   -
�      �       �      �       �      �       G2a3b1a   U13, L13/S131   (formerly G2c2a, then G2a3a1)
�      �       �      �       �       G2a3b2   S146, S147   (formerly G2a3c1)
�      �       �       G2a4   L32/S148   (confirmed within G2a, but exact location unknown)
�      �       �       G2a5   L31/S149   (confirmed within G2a, but exact location unknown)
�      �       G2b   M287   (formerly G3)
�      �       G2c   M377   (formerly G5)
�      �       �       G2c*   -
�      �       �       G2c1   M283

NOTES:

Y-DNA haplogroup G is primarily a Middle Eastern, Caucasus Region, and Mediterranean haplogroup that occurs in northwestern Europe in only about 2% of males. The frequency is higher in southern Europe, amounting to approximately 8-10% of the population in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey. Haplogroup G occurs most frequently in the Caucasus region where half of North Ossetian males are in G, as are about 30% of Georgians and Azerbaijanis.

The small numbers of haplogroup G in northwest Europe likely arrived there in part with the Neolithic expansion of agriculture and in part with episodic migrations within the last few thousand years. Some likely arrived with the Roman occupation. The relative contribution of these different sources is controversial, but the relative contribution probably varies in importance from place to place.

By far, the most common sub-group in western Europe is G2a. Haplogroup G2a has been resolved into several subgroups, the largest of which is G2a3-U8. Sub-groups G1 and G2c occur at almost an order of magnitude less frequently than G2a in western Europe. G1 is common in Iran (Regueiro, 2006), but uncommon in Europe. A large majority of European G2c�s are Ashkenazi Jews, but so far G2c has been tested in only a small number of people in the Middle East and South Asia. Among Ashkenazi Jews overall, about 10% are in haplogroup G, including about 8% in G2c and 2% in G2a, along with small numbers in G1. About 20% of Moroccan Jews are in Haplogroup G. Other groups with a significant G frequency include Catalan-speaking northern Sardinians and the Druze, who are about 18% G2a. About one-third of Haplogroup G in Iran is in sub-group G1.

The founder of haplogroup G is thought to have lived about 30,000 years ago, probably in the northern part of the Middle East.

References:

Alonso et al, The Place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome Diversity Landscape. (available by subscription) European Journal of Human Genetics, 13:1293-1302, 2005.
Athey et al, Y-SNP rs34134567 Defines a Large Subgroup of Haplogroup G2a-P15. (pdf) Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 4(2):149-150, 2008.
Behar et al, Contrasting Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and Host Non-Jewish European Populations. (pdf) Hum Genet 114:354-365, 2004.
Cinnioglu et al, Excavating Y-chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia. (pdf) Human Genetics. 114:127-148, 2004.
Cruciani et al, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:1197-1214, 2002.
Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.
King et al, Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics. 72:205�214. 2008.
Kivisild et al, The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists in Both Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:313-332, 2003.
Nasidze et al, Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of the South and North Ossetians. (pdf) Annals of Human Genetics, 68:588-599, 2004.
Nasidze et al, MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics, 69:401-412, 2005.
Regueiro et al, Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. (abstract) Human Heredity, Vol. 61, No 3, 132-143, 2006.
Semino et al, Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:265-268, 2002.
Sengupta et al, Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221, 2006.
Shen et al, Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. (pdf) Human Mutation, 24:248-260, 2004.
Valone et al, Y SNP Typing of African-American and Caucasian Samples Using Allele-Specific Hybridization and Primer Extension. (pdf) Journal of Forensic Science, 49:4, July 2004.
Zalloua et al, Y Chromosome Diversity in Lebanon is Structured by Recent Historical Events. (abstract) The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 82, Issue 4, 873-882, 28 March 2008.

Additional Resources:
Whit Athey, Resource for Haplogroup G
Ray Banks, Haplogroup G
Peter Christy, DNA Haplogroup G Project
Dennis Garvey, Discussion on G
Dennis Garvey, G SNP Project
Brian D. Hamman, Y-str Haplotypes for G Subclades

Corrections/Additions made since 31 December 2007:

Contact People for Haplogroup G: Phil Goff or Whit Athey

Back to Main Page
Back to Y-DNA Tree Trunk
Back to SNP Index
Back to Papers Cited
Back to Glossary
Back to Listing Criteria

Copyright 2007, 2008. International Society of Genetic Genealogy. All Rights Reserved.