Y-DNA Haplogroup G and its Subclades - 2007
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Version History     Last revision date for this specific page: 17 October 2007

Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes and ISOGG does its best to keep the tree updated with the latest developments in the field. The viewer may observe other versions of the tree on the Web. Email Alice Fairhurst if the differences need clarification.

LINKS:  Main Page   Y-DNA Tree Trunk   SNP Index   Papers Cited   Glossary   Listing Criteria
CLADE/SUBCLADE SYMBOLS:  Added  Renamed 
SNP SYMBOLS:  Not on 2006 tree  Confirmed within subclade  Provisional  Private

G   M201, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17
�       G*   -
�       G1   M285, M342
�      �       G1*   -
�      �       G1a   P20
�       G2   P15, U5
�      �       G2*   -
�      �       G2a   P16
�      �       �       G2a*   -
�      �       �       G2a1   P17, P18
�      �       G2b   M286
�      �       G2c   U8
�      �       �       G2c*   -
�      �       �       G2c1   U16
�      �       �       G2c2   U1
�      �       �      �       G2c2*   -
�      �       �      �       G2c2a   U13
�       G3   M287
�       G4   Information not yet available
�       G5   M377

Y-DNA haplogroup G is primarily a Middle Eastern, Caucasus Region, and Mediterranean haplogroup that occurs in northwestern Europe in only about 2% of males. The frequency is higher in southern Europe, amounting to approximately 8-10% of the population in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey. Haplogroup G occurs most frequently in the Caucasus region where half of North Ossetian males are in G, as are about 30% of Georgians and Azerbaijanis.

The small numbers of haplogroup G in northwest Europe likely arrived there in part with the Neolithic expansion of agriculture and in part with episodic migrations within the last few thousand years. Some likely arrived with the Roman occupation. The relative contribution of these different sources is controversial, but the relative contribution probably varies in importance from place to place.

Haplogroup G has three primary sub-haplogroups, G1, G2, and G5. By far, the most common sub-group in western Europe is G2. Haplogroup G2 has been resolved into several subgroups, the largest of which is G2c-U8. Sub-groups G1 and G5 occur at almost an order of magnitude less frequently than G2 in western Europe. G1 is common in Iran (Regueiro, 2006), but uncommon in Europe. A large majority of European G5�s are Ashkenazi Jews, but so far G5 has been tested in only a small number of people in the Middle East and South Asia. Among Ashkenazi Jews overall, about 10% are in haplogroup G, including about 8% in G5 and 2% in G2, along with small numbers in G1. About 20% of Moroccan Jews are in Haplogroup G. Other groups with a significant G frequency include Catalan-speaking northern Sardinians and the Druze, who are about 18% G2. About one-third of Haplogroup G in Iran is in sub-group G1. Haplogroup G3 has only been reported for a single individual from Turkey (Cinnioglu, 2004). G4 was mentioned in the article that announced G5, but has not yet been described.

The founder of haplogroup G is thought to have lived about 30,000 years ago, probably in the northern part of the Middle East.

References:

Alonso et al, The Place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome Diversity Landscape. (available by subscription) European Journal of Human Genetics, 13:1293-1302, 2005.
Behar et al, Contrasting Patterns of Y Chromosome Variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and Host Non-Jewish European Populations. (pdf) Hum Genet 114:354-365, 2004.
Cinnioglu et al, Excavating Y-chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia. (pdf) Human Genetics. 114:127-148, 2004.
Cruciani et al, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:1197-1214, 2002.
Kivisild et al, The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists in Both Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 72:313-332, 2003.
Nasidze et al, Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of the South and North Ossetians. (pdf) Annals of Human Genetics, 68:588-599, 2004.
Nasidze et al, MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups. (abstract) Annals of Human Genetics, 69:401-412, 2005.
Regueiro et al, Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration. (abstract) Human Heredity, Vol. 61, No 3, 132-143, 2006.
Semino et al, Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 70:265-268, 2002.
Sengupta et al, Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. (pdf) American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221, 2006.
Shen et al, Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli Populations from Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation. (pdf) Human Mutation, 24:248-260, 2004.
Valone et al, Y SNP Typing of African-American and Caucasian Samples Using Allele-Specific Hybridization and Primer Extension. (pdf) Journal of Forensic Science, 49:4, July 2004.

Additional Resources:
Whit Athey, Resource for Haplogroup G
Ray Banks, Haplogroup G
Peter Christy, DNA Haplogroup G Project
Dennis Garvey, Discussion on G
Dennis Garvey, G SNP Project
Brian D. Hamman, Y-str Haplotypes for G Subclades

Corrections/Additions made since 20 December 2006:

Contact People for Haplogroup G: Phil Goff or Whit Athey

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